|
The term ' ((アラビア語:الصحابة) meaning "the companions", from the verb meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with") refers to the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. This form is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine sahabi ('), feminine sahabia ('). Later scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and various important matters of Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through chains of trusted narrators (''isnads''), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. From the traditions (''hadith'') of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (''sunnah''), the code of conduct (''sharia'') it requires, and the jurisprudence (''fiqh'') by which Muslim communities should be regulated. The two largest Islamic denominations, the Sunni and Shia, take different approaches in weighing the value of the companions' testimony, have different ''hadith'' collections and, as a result, have different views about the ''Sahabah''. == Definitions == The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him and died as a Muslim. Anyone who died after rejecting Islam and becoming an apostate is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his passing are not considered ''Sahaba'' but ''Tabi`in''. Shia Muslims make no distinction between these as regards their trustworthiness〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sahaba )〕 However, scholars like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi state that not every individual who met or had accidentally seen Muhammad can be considered as a Companion. In their view, the Quran has outlined a high level of faith as one of the distinctive qualities of the Sahabah. Hence, they admit to this list only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad, lived with him, and took part in his campaigns and efforts at proselytizing.〔Fundamentals of Hadith Intrepretation by Amin Ahsan Islahi〕 This view has implications in Islamic law since narrations of Muhammad transmitted through the Sahabah acquire a greater status of authenticity. Lists of prominent companions usually run to 50 or 60 names, being the people most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad, and their names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi's (Muḥammad ibn Sa'd) early ''(unicode:Kitāb at-Tabāqat al-Kabīr)'' (''The book of The Major Classes''). The book entitled ''(unicode:Istî’âb fî ma’rifat-il-Ashâb)'' by Hafidh Yusuf bin Muhammad bin Qurtubi (death 1071) consists of 2,770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female Sahabah. According to an observation in the book entitled ''Mawâhib-i-ladunniyya'', an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by the time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time Mecca was conquered and 70,000 during the Battle of Tabouk in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 witnessed the Farewell Sermon Muhammad delivered after making his last pilgrimage (''hajj'') to Mecca. Two important groups among the companions are called the ''Muhajirun'' or "exiles" - those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca who fled with him when he was persecuted there - and the ''Ansar'' - people of Medina who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors. Chapter (''sura'') 9 of the Quran ("Repentance" (At-Tawba)), verse (''ayah'') 100 says; and continues; 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sahabah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|